The biochemistry lectures will be on May 13th and 20th. The last one will contain information about biochemistry exam.
SEMINARS
Subjects indicated for self-development;
They are online on the Blackboard platform.
coordinator: dr hab. Lech Romanowicz
e-mail: lech.romanowicz@umb.edu.pl
phone: +48 (85) 748 55 78
consultations:
Justyna Bączyk thursday 9:00 - 10:00
Marta Bruczko-Goralewska friday 9:00 - 10:00
Tomasz Gogiel friday 9:00 - 10:00
Lech Romanowicz friday 9:00 - 10:00
Anna Tokarzewicz friday 9:00 - 10:00
Biochemistry exam information
First term – June 14th, 8:20 am.
Collegium Universum lecture hall
Retake terms:
1. September 3rd, 8:20 am.
Collegium Universum lecture hall
2. September 12th, 8:20 am.
Collegium Universum lecture hall
All other information will be presented on the last lecture.
Credit I
Proteins
Structure of amino acids
Classification of amino acids (polarity, charge):
non-polar: Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Trp, Met, Pro
polar without charge: Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asn, Cys, Gln
acidic chains: Asp, Glu
basic chains: His, Lys, Arg
Peptide bond
Nomenclature of peptides
Biological importance of peptides (with examples)
Protein structure: I, II (alfa-helix, beta- sheet), III (myoglobin), IV (hemoglobin), collagen triple helix;
Inborn defects in protein structure - hemoglobin
Denaturation of proteins
Properties of proteins in solution (solubility, amphoteric properties, pI)
Isolation of proteins from biological materials: Column chromatography - size exclusion chr., ion exchange chr., affinity chr., HPLC; PAGE, isoelectric focusing, the Edman reaction
Protein functions
Enzymology
Definition of metabolism, anabolism, catabolism
Equilibrium of chemical reaction
Activation energy, free energy
Mechanism of the enzymatic reaction
Enzyme active site
Enzymatic reaction velocity and its dependence on: temperature, pH, substrate concentration, allosteric effectors (positive and negative)
Maximal velocity (Vmax) and Michaelis constant (Km)
Enzyme activity - units
Inhibitors
Proenzymes and their conversion to active forms
Regulation of enzyme activity
Multifunctional enzymes on the example of: phosphofructokinase-2,
fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase, fatty acid synthase
Multienzyme complexes on the example of:
pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Enzyme specificity
Coenzymes
Isoenzymes on the example of: lactate dehydrogenase,
creatine kinase, malate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,
hexokinase
Classification of enzymes, international enzyme code
Application of enzymes in medicine and biotechnology:
markers of disease – aminotransferases
drugs – asparaginase
reagents – urease
gene therapy
Bioenergetics
Exergonic reactions and endergonic reactions
ATP as an energy relay
High-energy compounds
Low-energy compounds
Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate phosphorylation
Mitochondrial respiratory chain
Respiratory complexes
Transport of protons and electrons through respiratory chain
Chemiosmotic theory
Blocking the respiratory chain
Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation
Reactive oxygen species
Carbohydrate metabolism
Trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses
Glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose
Straight-chain form, cycle form, alpha and beta form
Aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis (with structures)
Regulation of glycolysis
Energy balance of glycolysis
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
Krebs cycle (with structures)
Credit II
Gluconeogenesis (with structures)
Pentose phosphate pathway – course, biological importance
and connection to glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
Fructose metabolism and hereditary defects: essential fructosuria, hereditary fructose intolerance
Galactose metabolism and galactosemias
Derivatives of simple sugars: glycosides, uronic acids, aminohexoses, sialic acid
Disaccharides: maltose, isomaltose, sucrose (saccharose), lactose
Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen
Biosynthesis and degradation of glycogen
Regulation of glycogen metabolism
Inborn defects in glycogen metabolism
Lipids
Fatty acids – saturated and unsaturated;
Acylglycerols – structure, decomposition;
Beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids
Energy balance of fatty acid oxidation
Glycerol metabolism
Synthesis of fatty acids
Synthesis of triacylglycerols
Obesity
Ketone bodies (with structures)
Ketone bodies – synthesis and degradation
Phospholipids: glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids
- structure, properties, synthesis and degradation;
Blood group antigens
Steroids: cholesterol (with structure), bile acids;
Synthesis of cholesterol
Lipoprotein complexes in human plasma
Disorders of lipid metabolism
Biochemical calculation
Credit III
Protein and amino acid metabolism
Metabolism of amino acids
Pool of free amino acids
Degradation of proteins in alimentary tract
Degradation of intracellular and extracellular proteins
Amino acid synthesis
Transamination
Deamination of amino acids by dehydrogenases, oxidases and specific deaminating enzymes
Urea cycle (with structures)
Defects of urea synthesis
Glutamine synthesis and cleavage
Glucogenic amino acids: Ala, Asp, Glu, His;
Ketogenic amino acids: Leu, (Lys);
Gluco-ketogenic amino acids: Phe and Tyr;
Inborn defects in amino acid metabolism: phenyloketonuria, tyrosinemia, alkaptonuria;
Alternative pathways of Phe and Tyr catabolism
Amino acids as substrate in synthesis of various biomolecules:
Active formate, active methyl group:
formyl-tetrahydrofolate (formyl-THF), Sadenosylmethionine (SAM);
Catecholamines – synthesis,
Thyroid hormones,
Nicotinamide, taurine, active sulphate,
Serine – homocysteine – cysteine conversion (transsulphurylation),
Gamma-aminobutyrate, histamine, taurine, putrescine, polyamines,
Synthesis of creatine, phosphocreatine, NO;
Seminar 3
Vitamins soluble in water: B1, B2, B3, B5,
B6, B7, B9, B12, C;
Vitamins soluble in lipids: A, D, E, K;
Micronutrients:
iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine;
Ethanol metabolism
Oxidation of ethanol
Metabolism dysregulation by ethanol
Toxic effects of acetaldehyde
Energy metabolism specificity of different organs
Liver, skeletal muscle, heart muscle, kidney, brain, fat tissue
Porphyrins
Heme, chlorophyll, vitamin B12
Heme synthesis and degradation
Bile pigments (bilirubin, biliverdine)
Jaundices
Metabolism of nucleotides
Purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides, nucleotides
-structures, names, symbols, basic and rare ones;
Atypical nucleotides: NAD, NADP, FMN, FAD;
Degradation of: purine nucleotides, nucleosides,
Degradation of: pyrimidine nucleotides, nucleosides, bases;
Synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
Salvage pathways of nucleotides’ synthesis
Synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides
Synthesis of NAD, FMN, FAD;
Disorders of nucleotides’ metabolism
Credit IV
Metabolism of nucleic acids – part I
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA – differences in composition;
Primary structure of DNA: phosphodiester bonds, 3’ and 5’ end;
Double helix structure
Denaturation and renaturation of DNA
Viscosity change during DNA denaturation
Hyperchromicity of DNA denaturation
Chromatin structure:
Histones, nucleosome, chromatosome,
DNA grooves;
Ribonucleic acids: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, RNA regulatory molecules;
Genetic code/amino acid code
DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Telomerase
DNA damage and repair
Common and specific properties of DNA polymerases
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Metabolism of nucleic acids – part II
Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (similarities and differences)
Posttranscriptional modifications of RNAs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Protein synthesis:
Formation of aminoacyl-AMP and aminoacyl-tRNA,
Initiation, elongation, termination
Translation in eukaryotes
Posttranslational modifications of proteins
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Sorting proteins
Gene expression (prokaryote, eukaryote)
Mutations
Human genome
Recombination of DNA
Genetic engineering
Stem cells
Hormones
Definition, classification;
Peptide hormones:
Insulin – structure, synthesis, regulatory functions of;
Insulin influence on glucose metabolism:
on transport to the cell, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis;
Insulin influence on lipolysis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis;
Glucagon – regulatory functions of;
Hormones - amino acid derivatives:
Thyroid hormones,
Catecholamines;
Steroid hormones:
Mineralocorticoids,
Glucocorticoids,
Estrogens, gestagens, androgens;
Mechanism of insulin action on the cell – insulin receptor
Second messengers: cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+, DAG, IP3, NO; formation, inactivation;
Mechanism of hormone action through the receptors: membrane, cytosolic, nuclear;
Calcium metabolism
Cytokines
Peptide growth factors
Interleukins
Interferons
Tumor necrosis factors
Eicosanoids: prostaglandins,
thromboxanes, leukotrienes
Transport through biological membranes
Biological membranes
Passive and active transport
Gap junctions
Ion channels
Transport of sugars and amino acids
Na+/K+ pump
H+/K+ pump
Calcium transport
Facilitated diffusion
Transport of reducing equivalents through inner mitochondrial membrane
Transport of fatty acids from cytosol to mitochondrion
Transport of acetate from mitochondrion to cytosol
Transport of macromolecules across biological membranes
----------- Additional subjects for exam
Integration and regulation of metabolism
Metabolism, catabolism, anabolism
Metabolism regulation through: metabolic signals, feedback inhibition, neurotransmitters receptors
Metabolism integration - glucose homeostasis
Diabetes
Seminar 5
Macronutriens:
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, phosphorus;
Xenobiotics
Mechanisms of xenobiotic action
Biotransformation