Medical University of Bialystok. Syllabus.

SYLLABUS

Academic year 2025-2026

Name of course/module	Pathophysiology
Name of unit(s) in which the course is implemented	Department of General And Experimental Pathology
E-mail of the unit	patofiz@umb.edu.pl
Faculty	Faculty of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry and Division of Medical Education in English
Major	Medicine
Mode of study	long-cycle studies
Form of study	full-time £ part-time £
Language of the course	Polish English £
Course type	obligatory £ facultative
Year/ semester	I II III £ IV V VI	1 2 3 4 5 £ 6 £ 7 8 10 11 12
Introductory courses and essential requirements	Anatomy, biochemistry, physiology: the realization of learning outcomes in terms of knowledge, skills and competences from the previous years of studies.
Number of hours of teaching divided into forms of teaching	80 hours, incl.: 20 - lectures, 50 - practical classes, 10 - seminars
Course assumptions and objectives	The aim of pathophysiology teaching is to explain to students of medicine the functional changes of the system in disease, mechanisms of disease development and systemic consequences resulting from the disease. Students should know and use the basic terms used in pathophysiology, know the basics of etiopathogenesis of diseases of individual systems, know the pathomechanism of consequences of impaired function of organs and systems, and use the acquired knowledge in practice.
Teaching methods	- lecture - consultations (before each test) - discussion - presentation - case description - independent searching for knowledge
Name and surname of the tutor	Scientific and didactic staff employed at the Department of General and Experimental Pathology, MUB
Name and surname of the person responsible for teaching	dr hab. Tomasz Bonda

Symbol and number of the learning outcome in accordance with the educational standard and other subject learning outcomes	Description of the learning outcomes for the major	Form of training		Method of verification of assumed learning outcomes
Knowledge
BW17	knows the ways in which cells communicate with each other, between the cell and the extracellular matrix; the pathways for signal transduction in the cell and examples of disruption of these processes leading to cancer and other diseases		Lecture, classes	Summarising methods, e.g.: - written examination (MCQ - test) Formative methods, e.g. - assessment of activity during classes - evaluation of preparation for classes - discussion during classes - partial assessment
BW18	knows processes such as apoptosis and necrosis and their significance for the functioning of the organism		Lecture, classes
BW25	knows the relationship between factors disrupting the balance of biological processes and pathophysiological changes		Lecture, classes
CW27	knows the basic mechanisms of cell and tissue damage		Lecture, classes
CW28	describes the clinical course of specific and non-specific inflammations and processes of tissue and organ regeneration		Lecture, classes
CW29	knows the definition and pathophysiology of shock, with particular emphasis on differentiation of shock causes, and multi-organ failure		Lecture, classes
CW30	knows the etiology of hemodynamic disturbances, retrograde and progressive changes		Lecture, classes
CW33	lists external and internal, modifiable and non-modifiable pathogens		Lecture, classes
CW34	knows and understands the clinical forms of the most common diseases of individual systems and organs, metabolic diseases and water-electrolyte, hormonal and acid-base disorders		Lecture, classes
CW47	knows and understands the influence of oxidative stress on cells and its meaning in the pathogenesis of diseases and ageing processes;		Lecture, practical classes
CW48	knows and understands the consequences of vitamin or mineral deficiency and their excess in the body;		Lecture, classes
CW.50	knows and understands the consequences of improper nutrition, including prolonged starvation, taking too many meals and using an unbalanced diet and disorders of digestion and absorption of digestion products		Lecture, classes
Skills
CU12	Analyse the reactive, defensive and adaptive phenomena and dysregulation caused by the etiological agent		Classes	Summarising methods, e.g.: - design, presentation Formative methods, e.g. - assessment of activity during classes - evaluation of preparation for classes - discussion during classes - partial assessment
CU20	is able to describe changes in bodily functions when homeostasis is disturbed, in particular, the integrated response to exercise, exposure to heat or cold, loss of blood or water, sudden standing upright state, and transition from sleep to wakefulness.
BU13	plans and executes a simple scientific study, interprets its results, and draws conclusions
Social competences
K1	respects medical confidentiality and patient rights		Lecture, classes	Summarising methods, e.g.: - continuous assessment by the teacher (observation) Formative methods, e.g. - discussion during classes
K2	is able to establish and maintain a deep and respectful contact with patients, as well as show understanding for world-view and cultural differences
K3	is guided by the welfare of the patient
K4	perceives and recognises own limitations and makes self-assessments of deficits and learning needs
K7	uses objective sources of information
K8	formulates conclusions from own measurements or observations
K11	accept responsibility for decisions made in the course of his professional activities, including his own safety and that of others

ECTS credits	7
Student workload
Form of activity		Number of hours to complete the activity
Activities requiring participation of the tutor:
Course completion: lectures (according to the study plan)		20
Course completion: practical classes (according to the study plan)		50
Course completion: seminars (according to the study plan)		10
Course completion: optional classes
Participation in consultations
		total hours: 80
Independent student work:
Self-preparation for theoretical and practical classes (making a project, documentation, case description, etc.)
Self-preparation for assessments/tests
Self-preparation for the final examination/assessment
		hours total:

Learning content of the course
Learning outcomes (symbol and number)	Subject
1. BW25, BU7, CU12	Health and disease: causes and mechanisms involved in the onset, development and course of disease, adaptive processes.
2. BW17, BW18, CW28, CU12	Molecular mechanisms of the inflammatory process.
3. BW17, BW18, CW28, CU12	Mechanisms of cell damage and death, mechanisms of tissue regeneration.
4. BW25, BU7, CU12	Nutritional disorders. Thermoregulation disorders
5. BW17, CW27, CU12	Etiopathogenesis of cancer.
6. BW17, CW27, CU12	Molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
7. BW17, CW27, CU12	Pathomechanism of the pain response.
8. BW25, CW33, CU12	Pathogenic effects of environmental factors.
9. BW25, CW34, CU12	Pathophysiology of selected diseases of the central and the peripheral nervous system.
10. BW25, CW34, CU12	Endocrine system dysfunction.
11. BW25, CW34, CU12	Pathophysiology of the digestive system: gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastric and duodenal diseases, intestinal diseases, and malabsorption.
12. BW25, CW34, CU12	Pathophysiology of liver and pancreatic diseases.
13. BW25, CW34, CU12	Pathophysiology of respiratory system diseases.
14. BW25, CW34, CU12	Pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases: coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiomopathies. Pathogenesis of hypertension.
15. BW25, CW29, CU12	Pathophysiology of shock, differentiation of causes of shock and multi-organ failure.
16. BW25, CW34, CU12	Pathophysiology of selected immune-mediated diseases.
17. BW25, CW34, CU12	Pathophysiology of diseases of the excretory system.
18. BW25, CW34, CU12	Pathophysiology of haemostasis.
19. BW25, CW34, CU12	Disorders of water-electrolyte balance.
20. BW25, CW34, CU12	Disorders of acid-base balance.

Obligatory literature:

1. Porth's Pathophysiology - Concepts of Altered Health States, 10^th International Edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2018.
2. Color Atlas of Pathophysiology - Stefan Silbernagl, Florian Lang, Thieme; 3^rd Edition, 2016.

Supplementary literature:

1. Pathophysiology of Disease, McPhee SJ & Hammer GD, McGraw Hill, 6^th Ed. 2010.

2. Clinical application of pathophysiology. An evidence-based approach. Brashers. VL, Mosby Elsevier, 3^rd Ed., 2011.

Criteria for the assessment of the achieved learning outcomes and the form and conditions of obtaining credit for the course:

Students are required to prepare for classes by using the required textbooks and to participate in class actively. A written test (in the form of a quiz or essay) may be conducted during each class.
For outstanding activity in each class within a given module, 1 point can be awarded, which will be added to the score obtained in the partial test, resulting in the final score for that partial test.
Students who are unable to make up for missed classes will be tested on the exercise material (a written test and possibly three oral questions) only during the consultations preceding the next partial test.
Partial Tests (written tests of knowledge from exercises and lectures in the form of a quiz - 20 questions) are held according to the presented class schedule. The duration of the partial test is 25 minutes. The maximum number of points that can be obtained from each test is 20.
Students who were absent from the partial test, after justifying their absence, take the partial test on a designated date. Failure to justify absence from the partial test results in receiving zero points and prevents the student from taking the pre-exam and final exam.
Obtaining the maximum number of points from the partial test (20 points) entitles one to receive two bonus points, and obtaining 18-19 points from the partial test entitles one to receive one bonus point, added to the score of the first-date final exam.
Obtaining at least 76 points from all partial tests (≥95% of the total points) entitles the student to be exempt from the exam with a very good grade.

Students who do not meet the following conditions cannot be admitted to the final exam.
To qualify for the final exam, students must meet all the following conditions:
- earn at least 48 points (60%) from the four tests,
- attend a minimum of 13 classes, including seminars,
- pass at least 14 classes, including seminars,
- attend at least 8 lectures.
Pre-Exam: Students who have not obtained the required minimum number of points (48 points), after meeting the other conditions, will be admitted to the final exam after passing the pre-exam (10 test questions, graded 1 point for each correct answer, and 10 open-ended questions, each worth a maximum of 2 points). The pre-exam covers all the material, including exercises (80% of questions) and lectures (20%). The pre-exam lasts 60 minutes. A minimum of 18 points (60%) is required to pass the pre-exam.

Final exam: The course ends with a written exam based on 50 multiple-choice questions (including 10 questions on the lecture material). The exam lasts 60 minutes. To pass the final exam, you must obtain a minimum of 30 points (60% correct answers).
Exam grading scale:
5.0 - very good (48-50 points) 4.5 - better than good (44-47 points)
4.0 - good (39-43 points) 3.5 - better than satisfactory (34-38 points)
3.0 - satisfactory (30-33 points) 2.0 - unsatisfactory (<30 points)

Retake exams: Students are entitled to two retake exams (in the summer exam session, until September 15 of the current academic year). Each retake exam is conducted in the same form as the initial exam. The condition for passing a retake exam is to obtain a minimum of 30 points (60% correct answers).

The unit sets the exam dates (basic and two retakes) in consultation with the student representative. It is permissible to set one additional date for all persons who have justified their absence on any of the dates. This date will be in September (no later than September 15). No additional exam dates will be scheduled beyond those listed above.

Failure to show up for a test/exam/retake exam without justification will result in a failing grade.

dr hab. n. med. Tomasz Andrzej Bonda

……………………………………………………..…………………………..

(date and signature of the head of the teaching unit or the course coordinator)